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Rangwapithecus is an extinct genus of ape from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Late Miocene phalanges from Hungary have also been assigned to this genus, but were later reclassified as Dryopithecus.cite-ref-1[1]

• Description

• Taxonomy

• Palaeoecology

• Notes

• References

• External links

Rangwapithecus weighed approximately 15 kg (33 lb) and the size and shape of the ape's teeth indicate that it was a folivore.cite-ref-2[2] An arboreal ape from the earliest Miocenecite-ref-3[3] adapted to life in the rainforest, it is associated particularly with Mfangano Islandcite-ref-4[4] although the species previously inhabited a woodland-bushland environment.cite-ref-5[5]

Rangwapithecus was sympatric with Proconsul,cite-ref-6[6] and may be synonymous with both Proconsul gordoni and Proconsul vancouveringi.cite-ref-7[7] It is also similar to another species found in Africa.cite-ref-8[8] Rangwapithecus gordoni and P. africanus are similarly sized though they differ morphologically, and both are restricted to Koru and Songhur.cite-ref-9[9]

Rangwapithecus was a generalised frugivore that was also able to engage in folivory as a fallback during times of dietary stress.cite-ref-10[10]

cite-note-11. ↑ Begun 1988

cite-note-22. ↑ Fleagle 1999, p. 462

cite-note-33. ↑ Lyell 1833, p. 343

cite-note-44. ↑ Andrews & Kelley 2007, Abstract

cite-note-55. ↑ Andrews & Evans 1979

cite-note-66. ↑ Cameron 2004, p. 62

cite-note-77. ↑ Tuttle 1986, p. 28

cite-note-88. ↑ Leakey & Leakey 1987, Abstract

cite-note-99. ↑ Andrews 2000, p. 356

cite-note-1010. ↑ citerefshearerungarmcnultyharcourt-smith2015Shearer, Brian M.; Ungar, Peter S.; McNulty, Kieran P.; Harcourt-Smith, William E.H.; Dunsworth, Holly M.; Teaford, Mark F. (January 2015). "Dental microwear profilometry of African non-cercopithecoid catarrhines of the Early Miocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 78: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.011. Retrieved 3 December 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

• citerefandrews2000Andrews, Peter (May 2000). "Evolution and Environment in the Hominoidea". In Gee, H (ed.). Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2.

• citerefandrewscronin1982Andrews, P; Cronin, JE (1982). "The relationships of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus and the evolution of the orang-utan". Nature. 297 (5867): 541–6. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..541A. doi:10.1038/297541a0. PMID 7045678. S2CID 4368755.

• citerefandrewsevans1979Andrews, P.; Evans, E. N. (1979). "The Environment of Ramapithecus in Africa". Paleobiology. 5 (1): 22–30. Bibcode:1979Pbio....5...22A. doi:10.1017/s0094837300006266. JSTOR 2400387. S2CID 88248574.

• citerefandrewskelley2007Andrews, Peter; Kelley, Jay (2007). "Middle Miocene Dispersals of Apes". Folia Primatologica. 78 (5–6): 328–43. doi:10.1159/000105148. PMID 17855786. S2CID 19293586.

• citerefbegun1988Begun, David R. (1988). "Catarrhine phalanges from the Late Miocene (Vallesian) of Rudabánya, Hungary" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (4): 413–37. Bibcode:1988JHumE..17..413B. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90030-9. Retrieved 2012-12-22.

• citerefcameron2004Cameron, D. W. (2004). Hominid adaptations and extinctions. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868407166.

• citereffleagle1999Fleagle, JG (1999). Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9.

• citerefgreenfield1979Greenfield, Leonard Owen (1979). "On the adaptive pattern of "Ramapithecus"". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 50 (4): 527–48. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330500406. PMID 111557.

• citerefgreenfield1987Greenfield, L. O. (1987). "A Late Divergence Hypothesis". In Ciochon, Russell L.; Fleagle, John G. (eds.). Primate evolution and human origins. Evolutionary Foundations of Human Behavior Series. Transaction Publishers. p. 222. ISBN 9780202011752. Retrieved 2011-12-29.

• citerefleakeyleakey1987Leakey, R.E.; Leakey, M.G. (1987). "A new Miocene small-bodied ape from Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 16 (4): 369–87. Bibcode:1987JHumE..16..369L. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90067-4.

• citereflyell1833Lyell, C (1833). Principles of geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation, Volume 3. J. Murray. Retrieved 2011-12-29.

• citerefschwartz1984Schwartz, JH (1984). "The evolutionary relationships of man and orang-utans". Nature. 308 (5959): 501–5. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..501S. doi:10.1038/308501a0. PMID 6424028. S2CID 4343195.

• citereftuttle1986Tuttle, R. (1986). Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality, and ecology. Noyes Publ. p. 28. ISBN 9780815511045.

• citereftuttle2006Tuttle, Russell H. (2006). "Seven Decades of East African Miocene Anthropoid Studies". In Ishida, Hidemi; Tuttle, Russell; Pickford, Martin; Ogihara, Naomichi; Nakatsukasa, Masato (eds.). Human origins and environmental backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Birkhäuser. pp. 15–29. ISBN 978-0387296388.

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• citerefwolpoffde-bonisfleaglefrayer1982Wolpoff, M. H.; De Bonis, L.; Fleagle, J. G.; Frayer, D. W.; Greenfield, L. O.; Jacobs, K. H.; Protsch, R.; Rightmire, P. G.; Sarich, V. (1982). "Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins [and Comments and Reply]". Current Anthropology. 23 (5): 501–522. doi:10.1086/202893. JSTOR 2742391. S2CID 88285271.